The study reconsiders the structure-agency debate in a world dominated by internetisation and social media. To answer the question of whether social media weaken the structures embedded in societies, four phenomena are analysed: Dissemination and control of information are the main areas of conflict between actors and structures. The cyber public sphere has emerged as social media has become an important medium for shaping public opinion. Cyber activism, which has made important strides in moving political networks into the virtual world, has become an alternative to activism in the physical world. As individuals engage in human relations in virtual world just as in physical world, cyber identity has entered our lives. The study’s main finding is that although structures have developed new strategies and instruments to monitor, control and regulate the cyber world; social media continues to be a ground that increases the capacity of agencies for actors against structures.

Keywords: International politics, Political philosophy, Structure, Agency, Social media, Cyber identity

DOI : https://doi.org/10.53277/2519-2442-2024.4-01 [HTML]

Energy is one of the issues that have remained at the forefront throughout history as one of the basic needs of great importance for humanity. For this reason, the energy phenomenon is one of the most important phenomena that must be secured in the international system. In this study, the energy phenomenon will be discussed in terms of security and the security of the phenomenon in question will be underlined, and the importance of energy in the international system will also be emphasized. Energy will be tried to be included in expanded security studies, to which a great contribution has been made especially by the Copenhagen School, by considering both its 4 A’s (Availability, Accessibility, Acceptability and Affordability) and its supply, demand and transition dimensions. As a result of all these efforts, it is aimed to introduce the 'energy security' sector into the literature, where energy is discussed alone in the security dimension, independent of other energy sectors.

Keywords: Energy, Security, Securitization, Supply, Demand, Transition

DOI : https://doi.org/10.53277/2519-2442-2024.4-02 [HTML]

It is possible to state that as a discipline, international security studies have developed within the framework of the realist paradigm and during the period of the Cold War. It is established that the field of security studies, which places a particular emphasis on the role of military power and states in international politics, is consequently designated as strategic studies. In this context, studies on coercion strategies have been implemented focusing on states’ power. On the other hand, power distribution and balance of power in the system along with the ascend of neorealism have been underlined. In this study, the aircraft crisis taking approximately nine months between Turkish-Russian relationship has been examined utilizing both coercion (deterrence and compellence) and balancing strategies. The objective of the study is to clarify the agreement between Türkiye and Russia from the perspective of aforementioned strategies, perception of actors and cost-benefit calculations. In this qualitative case study, the process tracing method was used to reveal the cause-and-effect relationship between variables in a clear and definitive manner. In addition, document analysis technique was used to collect the data. It is concluded that given the estimated exorbitant costs to both parties at the conclusion of the crisis, the parties involved reached an agreement to conclude the crisis.

Keywords: 2015 Aircraft crisis, Compellence, Deterrence, Balancing, International relations, International security, Türkiye, Russia

DOI : https://doi.org/10.53277/2519-2442-2024.4-03 [HTML]

The transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources has become a critical global issue, particularly in response to climate change. This study aims to analyse the trends in energy consumption and CO2 emissions within Iran's household sector. The findings reveal a significant increase in energy consumption in Iran between 2001 and 2019. Despite the household sector's heavy reliance on fossil fuels, a shift in fuel consumption patterns can be observed, with a transition from oil to natural gas starting in 2008. Electricity generation in Iran is also predominantly fossil fuel-based, with natural gas playing a major role. This underscores the urgent need to reinforce renewable energy sources to mitigate CO2 emissions from the household sector. Another key factor influencing energy consumption in Iran is the country's extensive energy subsidies. The disparity in fuel prices compared to neighbouring countries has also led to fuel smuggling. However, the results show that the twophase subsidy reform plan implemented in 2010 and 2013 did not lead to a reduction in energy consumption. Therefore, further reforms are needed to improve energy equity and reduce CO2 emissions in the household sector.

Keywords: Energy consumption, Subsidy, Household sector, Energy transition, Iran.

DOI : https://doi.org/10.53277/2519-2442-2024.4-04 [HTML]

Nation-building is not a one-day process and must be planned for the medium and long term. In nation-building, there are several aspects on which it is based, and the language used is one of the main ones. Countries were created on the principles of language, culture, and territorial affiliation. Therefore, the further formation of the nation for Kazakhstan is a very pressing issue today. This article examines the issue of nation-building in Kazakhstan using such a key tool as language. Thus, the article examines the research question: is the Kazakh language capable of becoming a full-fledged basis for building a nation in Kazakhstan today? The study used the results of a sociological and expert survey, which were conducted as part of the order of the Language Policy Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2023. The survey showed the level of proficiency and use of the Kazakh language among the Kazakh population, broken down by regions and ethnic groups. An expert survey identified the reasons for the weak distribution and use of the Kazakh language, and expert recommendations were provided. All these data were summarized and analysed in this article.

Keywords: Memory, Historical memory, Cultural memory, Nation-building, National identity

DOI : https://doi.org/10.53277/2519-2442-2024.4-05 [HTML]

DOI : https://doi.org/10.53277/2519-2442-2024.4-06 [HTML]